@article {1629,
	title = {Large-scale Semantic Annotation for Improved Content Discovery in a Digital Library:  A Case Study on {\'E}rudit},
	year = {2022},
	month = {08/2022},
	abstract = {In this work, we describe through a case study how two natural language processing techniques, end-to-end entity linking and Open Information Extraction (OIE), can be combined to perform semantic annotation of scholarly documents, with a view to improving the discoverability of their content. Our case study is carried out via the implementation of this hybrid approach within a fully realized prototype, Allium, whose primary goal is to facilitate content discovery and navigation by a human user within the {\'E}rudit digital library. {\'E}rudit comprises over 150 scholarly journals and 38 cultural publications in social sciences and humanities, from Qu{\'e}bec and Canada. We start by showing that entity linking allows for a solid foothold in Linked Open Data (LOD), even if it lacks in recall, especially regarding relations between entities. We then show the potential of OIE for content discovery, in part because it can complement the information gleaned from LOD. We propose and implement methods of integrating these elements to a full-fledged publication platform. Finally, we perform a system-oriented assessment and a user-oriented (human) evaluation confirming that LOD and OIE annotations are compatible and complementary for content discovery.},
	keywords = {digital libraries, exploratory search, Natural language processing, Open information extraction, semantic annotation, semantic web},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/large-scale-semantic-annotation.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Philippe Langlais and Vincent Letard}
}
@mastersthesis {1620,
	title = {Leveraging distant supervision for improved named entity recognition},
	volume = {PhD},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {147},
	school = {Papyrus},
	abstract = {Recent years have seen a leap in deep learning techniques that greatly changed the way Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks are tackled. In a couple of years, neural networks and word embeddings quickly became central components to be adopted in the domain. Distant supervision (DS) is a well-used technique in NLP to produce labeled data from partially annotated examples. Traditionally, it was mainly used as training data in the absence of manual annotations, or as additional training data to improve generalization performances. In this thesis, we study how distant supervision can be employed within a modern deep learning based NLP framework. As deep learning algorithms gets better when massive amount of data is provided (especially for representation learning), we revisit the task of generating distant supervision data from Wikipedia. We apply post-processing treatments on the original dump to further increase the quantity of labeled examples, while introducing a reasonable amount of noise. Then, we explore different methods for using distant supervision data for representation learning, mainly to learn classic and contextualized word representations. Due to its importance as a basic component in many NLP applications, we choose Named-Entity Recognition (NER) as our main task. We experiment on standard NER benchmarks showing state-of-the-art performances. By doing so, we investigate a more interesting setting, that is, improving the cross-domain (generalization) performances.},
	keywords = {Distant Supervision, Generalization, NER, Wikipedia, Word Representation},
	url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24799},
	author = {Ghaddar, Abbas}
}
@article {1621,
	title = {Context-aware Adversarial Training for Name Regularity Bias in Named Entity Recognition},
	journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2021},
	month = {07},
	pages = {586-604},
	abstract = {In this work, we examine the ability of NER models to use contextual information when predicting the type of an ambiguous entity. We introduce NRB, a new testbed carefully designed to diagnose Name Regularity Bias of NER models. Our results indicate that all state-of-the-art models we tested show such a bias; BERT fine-tuned models significantly outperforming feature-based (LSTM-CRF) ones on NRB, despite having comparable (sometimes lower) performance on standard benchmarks.To mitigate this bias, we propose a novel model-agnostic training method that adds learnable adversarial noise to some entity mentions, thus enforcing models to focus more strongly on the contextual signal, leading to significant gains on NRB. Combining it with two other training strategies, data augmentation and parameter freezing, leads to further gains.},
	issn = {2307-387X},
	doi = {10.1162/tacl_a_00386},
	url = {https://direct.mit.edu/tacl/article/doi/10.1162/tacl_a_00386/ },
	author = {Ghaddar, Abbas and Langlais, Philippe and Rashid, Ahmad and Rezagholizadeh, Mehdi}
}
@conference {1622,
	title = {End-to-End Self-Debiasing Framework for Robust NLU Training},
	booktitle = {Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP 2021},
	year = {2021},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	organization = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	address = {Online},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.168},
	url = {https://aclanthology.org/2021.findings-acl.168},
	author = {Ghaddar, Abbas and Langlais, Phillippe and Rezagholizadeh, Mehdi and Rashid, Ahmad}
}
@conference {1596,
	title = {SEDAR: a Large Scale French-English Financial Domain Parallel Corpus},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of The 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
	year = {2020},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association},
	organization = {European Language Resources Association},
	address = {Marseille, France},
	abstract = {This paper describes the acquisition, preprocessing and characteristics of SEDAR, a large scale English-French parallel corpus for the financial domain. Our extensive experiments on machine translation show that SEDAR is essential to obtain good performance on finance. We observe a large gain in the performance of machine translation systems trained on SEDAR when tested on finance, which makes SEDAR suitable to study domain adaptation for neural machine translation. The first release of the corpus comprises 8.6 million high quality sentence pairs that are publicly available for research at https://github.com/autorite/sedar-bitext.},
	isbn = {979-10-95546-34-4},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.442},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/2020.lrec-1.442.pdf},
	author = {Ghaddar, Abbas and Langlais, Philippe}
}
@conference {1579,
	title = {Contextualized Word Representations from Distant Supervision with and for NER},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text (W-NUT 2019)},
	year = {2019},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	organization = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	address = {Hong Kong, China},
	abstract = {We describe a special type of deep contextualized word representation that is learned from distant supervision annotations and dedicated to named entity recognition. Our extensive experiments on 7 datasets show systematic gains across all domains over strong baselines, and demonstrate that our representation is complementary to previously proposed embeddings. We report new state-of-the-art results on CONLL and ONTONOTES datasets.},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/D19-5513},
	url = {https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-5513},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/D19-5513\%5B1\%5D.pdf},
	author = {Ghaddar, Abbas and Langlais, Phillippe}
}
@proceedings {1572,
	title = {Weakly Supervised, Data-Driven Acquisition of Rules for Open Information Extraction},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Dataset available here : http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/resources/misc/oie-paraphrase-rules.txt},
	month = {06/2019},
	pages = {16--28},
	publisher = {Springer},
	abstract = {We propose a way to acquire rules for Open Information Extraction, based on lemma sequence patterns (including potential ty-
pographical symbols) linking two named entities in a sentence. Rule acquisition is data-driven and requires little supervision. Given an arbitrary
relation, we identify, in a large corpus, pairs of entities that are linked by the relation and then gather, score and rank other phrases that link
the same entity pairs. We experimented with 81 relations and acquired 20 extraction rules for each by mining ClueWeb12. We devised a semi-
automatic evaluation protocol to measure recall and precision and found them to be at most 79.9\% and 62.4\% respectively. Verbal patterns are
of better quality than non-verbal ones, although the latter achieve a maximum recall of 76.5\%. The strategy proposed does not necessitate
expensive resources or time-consuming handcrafted resources, but does require a large amount of text.},
	keywords = {Natural language processing, Open information extraction, Weak Supervision},
	issn = {978-3-030-18305-9},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-18305-9_2},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-18305-9_2},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/article-v5.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Philippe Langlais}
}
@conference {1554,
	title = {Transforming Wikipedia into a Large-Scale Fine-Grained Entity Type Corpus},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018)},
	year = {2018},
	month = {may},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association (ELRA)},
	organization = {European Language Resources Association (ELRA)},
	address = {Paris, France},
	isbn = {979-10-95546-00-9},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/11\%5B1\%5D.pdf},
	author = {Abbas Ghaddar and Philippe Langlais}
}
@conference {1558,
	title = {Robust Lexical Features for Improved Neural Network Named-Entity Recognition},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	organization = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	url = {http://aclweb.org/anthology/C18-1161},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/C18-1161.pdf},
	author = {Ghaddar, Abbas and Philippe Langlais}
}
@conference {1540,
	title = {WiNER: A Wikipedia Annotated Corpus for Named Entity Recognition},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
	year = {2017},
	url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/I17-1042},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/I17-1042.pdf},
	author = {Ghaddar, Abbas and Philippe Langlais}
}
@mastersthesis {1515,
	title = {G{\'e}n{\'e}ration automatique de lettres de recrutement},
	volume = {Masters},
	year = {2017},
	month = {01/2017},
	pages = {97},
	school = {Universit{\'e} de Montr{\'e}al},
	type = {Masters},
	address = {Montr{\'e}al},
	abstract = {Ce m{\'e}moire de ma{\^\i}trise pr{\'e}sente le d{\'e}veloppement d{\textquoteright}un syst{\`e}me de g{\'e}n{\'e}ration de la langue naturelle pour automatiser les lettres de contact envoy{\'e}es par les chasseurs de t{\^e}te. Les travaux de Ehud Reiter ont inspir{\'e} la portion de g{\'e}n{\'e}ration de texte. La g{\'e}n{\'e}ration du
contenu est bas{\'e}e sur des r{\`e}gles d{\textquoteright}associations obtenues par l{\textquoteright}analyse statistique d{\textquoteright}une base de donn{\'e}es de profils LinkedIn. Le syst{\`e}me {\'e}crit des lettres en anglais mais peut {\^e}tre facilement {\'e}tendu {\`a} la langue fran{\c c}aise. Ce projet s{\textquoteright}inscrit dans le cadre du Butterfly Predictive Project, une collaboration entre l{\textquoteright}Universit{\'e} de Montr{\'e}al et LittleBIGJob.
--
This master{\textquoteright}s thesis presents the development of a Natural Language Generation system designed to automate the writing of first-contact letters by professional headhunters. A top-down approach modelled on Ehud Reiter{\textquoteright}s work handles the Natural Language portion of the system. Content generation is based on association rules obtained by statistical analysis of a large database of LinkedIn profiles. The system writes English
letters but can easily be extended to French. This project is part of the Butterfly Predictive Project, a collaboration between Universit{\'e}
de Montr{\'e}al and LittleBIGJob.},
	keywords = {data mining, human resources, natural language generation},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/M\%C3\%A9moire-PhilippeGrandMaison-Corrections.pdf},
	author = {Philippe Grand{\textquoteright}Maison}
}
@article {1534,
	title = {{BUCC} 2017 {Shared} {Task}: a {First} {Attempt} {Toward} a {Deep} {Learning} {Framework} for {Identifying} {Parallel} {Sentences} in {Comparable} {Corpora}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 10th Workshop on Building and Using Comparable Corpora},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {46{\textendash}50},
	doi = {10.18653/v1/W17-2509},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/BUCC09\%5B1\%5D.pdf},
	author = {Gr{\'e}goire, Francis and Philippe Langlais}
}
@conference {1489,
	title = {WikiCoref: An English Coreference-annotated Corpus of Wikipedia Articles},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2016)},
	year = {2016},
	month = {05/2016},
	publisher = {European Language Resources Association (ELRA)},
	organization = {European Language Resources Association (ELRA)},
	address = {Portoro{\v z}, Slovenia},
	isbn = {978-2-9517408-9-1},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/WikiCoref-LREC2016_0.pdf},
	author = {Abbas Ghaddar and Philippe Langlais}
}
@conference {1502,
	title = {Coreference in Wikipedia: Main Concept Resolution},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL 2016)},
	year = {2016},
	month = {August},
	address = {Berlin, Germany},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/conll.pdf},
	author = {Abbas Ghaddar and Philippe Langlais}
}
@mastersthesis {1516,
	title = {Coreference Resolution with and for Wikipedia},
	volume = {Masters},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	pages = {74},
	school = {Universit{\'e} de Montr{\'e}al},
	type = {Masters},
	address = {Montr{\'e}al},
	abstract = {Wikipedia is a resource of choice exploited in many NLP applications, yet we are not aware of recent attempts to adapt coreference resolution to this resource, a preliminary step to understand Wikipedia texts. The first part of this master thesis is to build
an English coreference corpus, where all documents are from the English version of Wikipedia. We annotated each markable with coreference type, mention type and the equivalent Freebase topic. Our corpus has no restriction on the topics of the documents
being annotated, and documents of various sizes have been considered for annotation. Our annotation scheme follows the one of OntoNotes with a few disparities. In part two, we propose a testbed for evaluating coreference systems in a simple task of measuring
the particulars of the concept described in aWikipedia page (eg. The statements of President Obama the Wikipedia page dedicated to that person). We show that by exploiting the Wikipedia markup (categories, redirects, infoboxes, etc.) of a document, as well
as links to external knowledge bases such as Freebase (information of the type, number, type of relationship with other entities, etc.), we can acquire useful information on entities that helps to classify mentions as coreferent or not.},
	keywords = {Coreference Resolution, Corpus Creation, Wikipedia},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/Ghaddar_These.pdf},
	author = {Abbas Ghaddar}
}
@inbook {1505,
	title = {Computer science and translation},
	booktitle = {Border Crossings. Translation Studies and other disciplines.},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {205-224},
	publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing},
	organization = {John Benjamins Publishing},
	edition = {Yves Gambier and Luc van Doorslaer.},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/Trandis.pdf},
	author = {Salvatore Giammarresi and Guy Lapalme}
}
@conference {1494,
	title = {Harnessing Open Information Extraction for Entity Classification in a French Corpus},
	booktitle = {Canadian AI 2016},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing Switzerland},
	organization = {Springer International Publishing Switzerland},
	abstract = {We describe a recall-oriented open information extraction system designed to extract knowledge from French corpora. We put it to the test by showing that general domain information triples (extracted from French Wikipedia) can be used for deriving new knowledge from domain-specific documents unrelated to Wikipedia. Specifically, we can label entity instances extracted in one corpus with the entity types identified in the other, with little supervision. We believe that the present study is the first one that focusses on such a cross-domain, recall-oriented approach in open information extraction.},
	keywords = {Entity classification, Named entities, Natural language processing, Open information extraction},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/paper.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Philippe Langlais}
}
@article {1537,
	title = {Updating WATT{\textquoteright}S Translation Memory},
	year = {2016},
	month = {02/2016},
	type = {internal report},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/UpdatingWATT-part1-v3.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Lapalme, Guy}
}
@article {1538,
	title = {Translation memory hit ratios in a best-case scenario for WATT},
	year = {2016},
	month = {06/2016},
	type = {Internal},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/ReportHitRatios.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Guy Lapalme}
}
@article {1553,
	title = {From French Wikipedia to Erudit: A test case for cross-domain open information extraction},
	journal = {Computational Intelligence},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Download ReVerb for French on GitHub: https://github.com/rali-udem/reverb-french .},
	abstract = {Abstract In this paper, we describe an open information extraction pipeline based on ReVerb for extracting knowledge from French text. We put it to the test by using the information triples extracted to build an entity classifier, ie, a system able to label a given instance with its type (for instance, Michel Foucault is a philosopher). The classifier requires little supervision. One novel aspect of this study is that we show how general domain information triples (extracted from French Wikipedia) can be used for deriving new knowledge from domain-specific documents unrelated to Wikipedia, in our case scholarly articles focusing on the humanities. We believe that the present study is the first that focuses on such a cross-domain, recall-oriented approach in open information extraction. While our system{\textquoteright}s performance shows room for improvement, manual assessments show that the task is quite hard, even for a human, in part because of the cross-domain aspect of the problem we tackle.},
	keywords = {Entity classification, Named entities, Natural language processing, Open information extraction},
	doi = {10.1111/coin.12120},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/coin.12120},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/coin.12120.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Philippe Langlais}
}
@article {1396,
	title = {Task Knowledge in Abstractive Summarization},
	year = {2015},
	month = {02/2015},
	pages = {10 pages},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/TaskKnowledge.pdf},
	author = {Pierre-Etienne Genest and Guy Lapalme}
}
@conference {1470,
	title = {XSDGuide - Automated Generation of Web Interfaces from XML Schemas: A Case Study for Suspicious Activity Reporting},
	booktitle = {Balisage 2015},
	year = {2015},
	month = {08/2015},
	abstract = {This article presents XSDGuide, a software prototype aimed at facilitating the creation of user interfaces consistent with a data model expressed as a set of XML schemas. XSDGuide was developed while researching intelligent user interfaces for data entry associated with the production of Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs) conforming to NIEM-SAR, an XML-based information-dissemination framework. These SARs communicate potentially suspicious or unlawful incidents to the appropriate authorities. The XSD schemas defining a specific SAR are fed to XSDGuide, which then automatically creates user interface guides, rendered on a web page. The user can interact with this application to populate the report{\textquoteright}s fields, validate the SAR being created and save the report as a valid XML instance. Validation is a two-step process, where a JavaScript ruleset created from the schema pre-validates the document in the browser before it is sent for full validation to the back end, which relies on a traditional full-fledged validator. Despite the prototype{\textquoteright}s limitations, the HTML interfaces that are generated allow users to inspect and become familiar with complex schemas and also to produce validated XML instance documents for the purposes of experimentation and testing.},
	keywords = {sar, schema, user interface, xml, xsd},
	doi = {10.4242/BalisageVol15.Gotti01},
	url = {http://www.balisage.net/Proceedings/vol15/html/Gotti01/BalisageVol15-Gotti01.html},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Kevin Heffner and Guy Lapalme}
}
@article {1395,
	title = {ABSUM: a Knowledge-Based Abstractive Summarizer},
	year = {2014},
	month = {09/2014},
	pages = {34 pages},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/ABSUM.pdf},
	author = {Pierre-Etienne Genest and Guy Lapalme}
}
@article {1295,
	title = {Designing a Machine Translation System for Canadian Weather Warnings: a Case Study},
	journal = {Natural Language Engineering},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2014},
	month = {07/2014},
	pages = {399-433},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	abstract = {In this paper we describe the many steps involved in building a production quality Machine Translation system for translating weather warnings between French and English. Although in principle this task may seem straightforward, the details, especially corpus preparation and final text presentation, involve many difficult aspects that are often glossed over in the literature. On top of the classic Statistical Machine Translation evaluation metric results, four manual evaluations have been performed to assess and improve translation quality. We also show the usefulness of the integration of out-of-domain information sources in a Statistical Machine Translation system to produce high quality translated text.},
	keywords = {machine translation},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S135132491300003X},
	url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/repo_A88UHf97},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/WATT-NLE-Final.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Philippe Langlais and Guy Lapalme}
}
@conference {1363,
	title = {Zodiac : Insertion automatique des signes diacritiques du fran{\c c}ais},
	booktitle = {D{\'e}monstrations de TALN2014},
	year = {2014},
	month = {06/2014},
	address = {Marseille},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/Zodiac.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Guy Lapalme}
}
@proceedings {1384,
	title = {Hashtag Occurrences, Layout and Translation: A Corpus-driven Analysis of Tweets Published by the Canadian Government},
	year = {2014},
	month = {05/2014},
	pages = {2254-2261},
	url = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/summaries/53.html},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/Gotti-LREC2014.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Philippe Langlais and Atefeh Farzindar}
}
@mastersthesis {1338,
	title = {G{\'e}n{\'e}ration de r{\'e}sum{\'e}s par abstraction},
	year = {2013},
	month = {10/2013},
	pages = {80},
	school = {Universit{\'e} de Montr{\'e}al},
	type = {Ph.D.},
	address = {Montr{\'e}al},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/GenestPhD.pdf},
	author = {Pierre-Etienne Genest}
}
@conference {1326,
	title = {Translating Government Agencies{\textquoteright} Tweet Feeds: Specificities, Problems and (a few) Solutions},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Analysis in Social Media},
	year = {2013},
	month = {June},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	organization = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	address = {Atlanta, Georgia},
	url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W13-1109},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/LASM09.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Philippe Langlais and Atefeh Farzindar}
}
@article {1343,
	title = {Cr{\'e}ation de ressources linguistiques par approches coop{\'e}ratives},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {56 p.},
	institution = {Universit{\'e} de Montr{\'e}al},
	type = {Rapport interne},
	abstract = {Plusieurs t{\^a}ches simples pour les {\^e}tres humains confondent encore les ordinateurs. En traitement des langues naturelles (TALN), ces d{\'e}fis incluent la reconnaissance de la parole, la traduction, la r{\'e}solution d{\textquoteright}ambigu{\"\i}t{\'e}s de sens, etc. Pour concevoir des programmes informatiques facilitant ces t{\^a}ches, il faut le plus souvent les entra{\^\i}ner sur des donn{\'e}es con{\c c}ues par des {\^e}tres humains {\`a} des co{\^u}ts souvent prohibitifs.

Avec l{\textquoteright}av{\`e}nement de la coop{\'e}ration rendue possible via Internet, il est d{\'e}sormais possible de tabler sur une large communaut{\'e} d{\textquoteright}utilisateurs en ligne pour concevoir ces ressources, dans des contextes nouveaux. Dans ce rapport, nous pr{\'e}senterons une revue de ces approches collaboratives, b{\'e}n{\'e}voles ou r{\'e}mun{\'e}r{\'e}es, en nous concentrant sur les jeux constructifs (games with a purpose). Ces derniers proposent aux participants un jeu vid{\'e}o engageant, dont un des sous-produits est la cr{\'e}ation de ressources linguistiques.},
	keywords = {approches coop{\'e}ratives, cooperative approaches, externalisation ouverte, game with a purpose, jeu constructif},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/CreationCooperative-v2.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Philippe Langlais}
}
@conference {gao_towards_2012,
	title = {Towards concept-based translation models using search logs for query expansion},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on information and knowledge management},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {1},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2530275},
	author = {Gao, Jianfeng and Jian-Yun Nie}
}
@proceedings {1304,
	title = {Fully Abstractive Approach to Guided Summarization},
	year = {2012},
	month = {July},
	pages = {354-358},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	address = {Jeju Island, Korea},
	url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-2069},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/FullAbstractACL12.pdf},
	author = {Pierre-Etienne Genest and Guy Lapalme}
}
@mastersthesis {1310,
	title = {L{\textquoteright}atténuation statistique des surdétections d{\textquoteright}un correcteur grammatical symbolique},
	year = {2012},
	month = {9/2012},
	pages = {131},
	school = {Universit{\'e} de Montr{\'e}al},
	type = {M.Sc.},
	address = {Montr{\'e}al},
	abstract = {Les logiciels de correction grammaticale commettent parfois des d{\'e}tections ill{\'e}gitimes (fausses alertes), que nous appelons ici surd{\'e}tections. La pr{\'e}sente {\'e}tude d{\'e}crit les exp{\'e}riences de mise au point d{\textquoteright}un syst{\`e}me cr{\'e}{\'e} pour identifier et mettre en sourdine les surd{\'e}tections produites par le correcteur du fran{\c c}ais con{\c c}u par la soci{\'e}t{\'e} Druide informatique. Plusieurs classificateurs ont {\'e}t{\'e} entra{\^\i}n{\'e}s de mani{\`e}re supervis{\'e}e sur 14 types de d{\'e}tections faites par le correcteur, en employant des traits couvrant diverses informations linguistiques (d{\'e}pendances et cat{\'e}gories syntaxiques, exploration du contexte des mots, etc.) extraites de phrases avec et sans surd{\'e}tections. Huit des 14 classificateurs d{\'e}velopp{\'e}s sont maintenant int{\'e}gr{\'e}s {\`a} la nouvelle version d{\textquoteright}un correcteur commercial tr{\`e}s populaire. Nos exp{\'e}riences ont aussi montr{\'e} que les mod{\`e}les de langue probabilistes, les SVM et la d{\'e}sambigu{\"\i}sation s{\'e}mantique am{\'e}liorent la qualit{\'e} de ces classificateurs. Ce travail est un exemple r{\'e}ussi de d{\'e}ploiement d{\textquoteright}une approche d{\textquoteright}apprentissage machine au service d{\textquoteright}une application langagi{\`e}re grand public robuste.},
	keywords = {false alarm identification, grammar checking, robust parsing, statistical language models, supervised machine learning, word sense disambiguation},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/Gotti_Fabrizio_2012_memoire.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti}
}
@proceedings {GenestGottiBengio11,
	title = {Deep Learning for Automatic Summary Scoring},
	year = {2011},
	month = {May},
	pages = {17-28},
	publisher = {Canadian AI},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/GenestGottiBengio2011.pdf},
	author = {Pierre-Etienne Genest and Fabrizio Gotti and Yoshua Bengio}
}
@conference {1289,
	title = {Framework for Abstractive Summarization using Text-to-Text Generation},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Monolingual Text-To-Text Generation},
	year = {2011},
	month = {June},
	publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	organization = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
	address = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/W11-1608.pdf},
	author = {Pierre-Etienne Genest and Guy Lapalme}
}
@conference {1290,
	title = {Generated Abstracts for TAC 2011},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Text Analysis Conference},
	year = {2011},
	month = {November},
	publisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology},
	organization = {National Institute of Standards and Technology},
	address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/Rali.proceedings.pdf},
	author = {Pierre-Etienne Genest and Guy Lapalme}
}
@conference {Gotti11CICLING,
	title = {Reducing Overdetections in a French Symbolic Grammar Checker by Classification},
	booktitle = {Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing - CICLING 2011},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence},
	volume = {6609},
	year = {2011},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {390-401},
	address = {Tokyo},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/Gotti2011Reducing.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Philippe Langlais and Guy Lapalme and Charest, Simon and Brunelle, {\'E}ric}
}
@article {1262,
	title = {{\'E}valuation du prototype de traduction des avertissements m{\'e}t{\'e}o},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Rapport pr{\'e}sent{\'e} {\`a} Environnement Canada},
	month = {01/2011},
	institution = {RALI},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/EvaluationWatt.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Guy Lapalme}
}
@article {gao2010exploiting,
	title = {Exploiting query logs for cross-lingual query suggestions},
	journal = {ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)},
	volume = {28},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {6},
	publisher = {ACM},
	author = {Gao, Wei and Niu, Cheng and Jian-Yun Nie and Zhou, Ming and Wong, Kam-Fai and Hon, Hsiao-Wuen}
}
@conference {gao2010clickthrough,
	title = {Clickthrough-based translation models for web search: from word models to phrase models},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1139{\textendash}1148},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	author = {Gao, Jianfeng and He, Xiaodong and Jian-Yun Nie}
}
@conference {Genest2010TALN,
	title = {Jusqu{\textquoteright}o{\`u} peut-on aller avec des m{\'e}thodes par extraction pour la r{\'e}daction de r{\'e}sum{\'e}s?},
	booktitle = {TALN 2010},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {10 pages},
	address = {Montr{\'e}al, Qu{\'e}bec, Canada},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/Genest2010TALN.pdf},
	author = {Pierre-Etienne Genest and Guy Lapalme and Mehdi Yousfi-Monod}
}
@article {1302,
	title = {G{\'e}n{\'e}ration automatique de r{\'e}sum{\'e}s textuels},
	year = {2010},
	month = {03/2010},
	pages = {46 pages},
	type = {Pr{\'e}sentation de sujet de th{\`e}se},
	url = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/GenestSujetPhD.pdf},
	author = {Pierre-Etienne Genest}
}
@conference {1303,
	title = {Text Generation for Abstractive Summarization},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third Text Analysis Conference},
	year = {2010},
	publisher = {National Institute of Standards and Technology},
	organization = {National Institute of Standards and Technology},
	address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/TAC10-RALI.pdf},
	author = {Pierre-Etienne Genest and Guy Lapalme}
}
@conference {gao2009smoothing,
	title = {Smoothing clickthrough data for web search ranking},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 32nd international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {355{\textendash}362},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	author = {Gao, Jianfeng and Yuan, Wei and Li, Xiao and Deng, Kefeng and Jian-Yun Nie}
}
@mastersthesis {Genest09MSc,
	title = {Syst{\`e}me symbolique de cr{\'e}ation de r{\'e}sum{\'e}s de mise {\`a} jour},
	year = {2009},
	month = {April},
	school = {Universit{\'e} de Montr{\'e}al},
	type = {Masters},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/GenestPE-Msc.pdf},
	author = {Pierre-Etienne Genest}
}
@conference {Genest09:A,
	title = {A Symbolic Summarizer with 2 Steps of Sentence Selection for TAC 2009},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second Text Analysis Conference},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Nov},
	address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/tac2009runpaper.pdf},
	author = {Pierre-Etienne Genest and Guy Lapalme and Luka Nerima and Eric Wehrli}
}
@conference {Genest09Hextac,
	title = {HEXTAC: the Creation of a Manual Extractive Run},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second Text Analysis Conference},
	year = {2009},
	month = {Nov},
	address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/Hextac.pdf},
	author = {Pierre-Etienne Genest and Guy Lapalme and Mehdi Yousfi-Monod}
}
@conference {Genest08TAC,
	title = {A Symbolic Summarizer for the Update Task of TAC 2008},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the First Text Analysis Conference},
	year = {2008},
	month = {Nov},
	publisher = {NIST},
	organization = {NIST},
	address = {Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/RaliLatl.proceedings.pdf},
	author = {Pierre-Etienne Genest and Guy Lapalme and Luka Nerima and Eric Wehrli}
}
@conference {Gotti08AMTA,
	title = {Automatic Translation of Court Judgments},
	booktitle = {AMTA{\textquoteright}2008 The Eighth Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas},
	year = {2008},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {pp 1-10},
	address = {Waikiki, Hawai{\textquoteright}i},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/0ASLI-AMTA.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Atefeh Farzindar and Guy Lapalme and Elliott Macklovitch}
}
@article {Gao_06:Statistical,
	title = {Statistical query translation models for cross-language information retrieval},
	journal = {ACM Transactions on Asian Language Processing (TALIP)},
	volume = {(to appear)},
	year = {2007},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/gao_nie_zhou.talip2006.rev_.pdf},
	author = {Jianfeng Gao and Jian-Yun Nie}
}
@conference {1406,
	title = {Cross-lingual query suggestion using query logs of different languages},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {ACM},
	organization = {ACM},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/10.1.1.86.1967.pdf},
	author = {Gao, Wei and Niu, Cheng and Jian-Yun Nie and Zhou, Ming and Hu, Jian and Wong, Kam-Fai and Hon, Hsiao-Wuen}
}
@conference {Gotti07:GOFAIsum:,
	title = {GOFAIsum: A Symbolic Summarizer for DUC},
	booktitle = {Document Understanding Conference},
	year = {2007},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {10 pages},
	publisher = {NIST},
	organization = {NIST},
	address = {Rochester},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/duc2007-paper.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Guy Lapalme and Luka Nerima and Eric Wehrli}
}
@article {gandrabur06confidence,
	title = {Confidence Estimation for NLP Applications},
	journal = {Transactions on Speech and Language Processing},
	volume = {3},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	note = {TT2},
	month = {oct},
	pages = {1-29},
	keywords = {tt2},
	url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1177055.1177057},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/CE4NLP-Gandrabur.pdf},
	author = {Simona Gandrabur and George Foster and Guy Lapalme}
}
@conference {Gao_06:A,
	title = {A Study of Statistical Models for Query Translation: Finding a Good Unit of Translation},
	booktitle = {ACM-SIGIR},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {194-201},
	author = {Jianfeng Gao and Jian-Yun Nie}
}
@article {1398,
	title = {Statistical Query Translation Models for Cross-language Information Retrieval},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {323{\textendash}359},
	publisher = {ACM},
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	keywords = {CLIR, linguistic structures, Query translation, statistical models},
	issn = {1530-0226},
	doi = {10.1145/1236181.1236184},
	url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1236181.1236184},
	author = {Gao, Jianfeng and Jian-Yun Nie and Zhou, Ming}
}
@conference {Gao_05:Linear,
	title = {Linear Discriminant Model for Information Retrieval},
	booktitle = {ACM-SIGIR},
	year = {2005},
	month = {aug},
	pages = {290-297},
	address = {Salvador, Brazil},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/gao-sigir05.pdf},
	author = {Jianfeng Gao and Haoliang Qi and Xinsong Xia and Jian-Yun Nie}
}
@conference {Gotti:Cline:3gtm:2005,
	title = {3GTM: A Third-Generation Translation Memory},
	booktitle = {3rd Computational Linguistics in the North-East (CLiNE) Workshop},
	year = {2005},
	month = {aug},
	address = {Gatineau, Qu{\'e}bec},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/paper-cline-3gtm.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Philippe Langlais and Elliott Macklovitch and Didier Bourigault, Benoit Robichaud and Claude Coulombe}
}
@conference {Gotti:Cline:nukti:2005,
	title = {A look at English-Inuktitut Word Alignment},
	booktitle = {3rd Computational Lingusitics in the North-East (CLiNE) Workshop},
	year = {2005},
	month = {aug},
	address = {Gatineau, Qu{\'e}bec},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/paper-cline-nukti.pdf},
	author = {Fabrizio Gotti and Patry, Alexandre and Guihong Cao and Philippe Langlais}
}
@conference {Gao_04:Dependence,
	title = {Dependence language model for information retrieval},
	booktitle = {27th ACM-SIGIR, Sheffield},
	year = {2004},
	month = {jul},
	pages = {170-177},
	author = {Jianfeng Gao and Jian-Yun Nie and Guangyuan Wu and Guihong Cao}
}
@conference {Gandrabur03:Confidence,
	title = {Confidence Estimation for Text Prediction},
	booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Language Learning (CoNLL 2003)},
	year = {2003},
	note = {TT2 TransType2},
	month = {may},
	pages = {315-321},
	address = {Edmonton},
	keywords = {tt2},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/gandrabur-foster.pdf},
	author = {Simona Gandrabur and George Foster}
}
@conference {Gao_02:TREC_10,
	title = {TREC-10 Web track experiments at MSRA},
	booktitle = {TREC-10, NIST Special Publication},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {500-250},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/msra.trec10.pdf},
	author = {J. Gao and Guihong Cao and H. He and M. Zhang and Jian-Yun Nie and S. Walker and S. Robertson}
}
@conference {Gao_02:Resolving,
	title = {Resolving Query Translation Ambiguity using a Decaying Co-occurrence Model and Syntactic Dependence Relations},
	booktitle = {25th ACM-SIGIR, Tampere, Finland},
	year = {2002},
	month = {aug},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/sigir2002.pdf},
	author = {Jianfeng Gao and Jian-Yun Nie and Hongzhao He and Weijun Chen and Ming Zhou}
}
@conference {Guillevic_02:Robust,
	title = {Robust Semantic Confidence Scoring},
	booktitle = {International Conference on Spoken Language Processing 2002 (ICSLP 2002)},
	year = {2002},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {853-856},
	address = {Denver, Colorado},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/Publications.icslp2002_ggn.pdf},
	author = {Didier Guillevic and Simona Gandrabur and Yves Normandin}
}
@conference {j_y_01:improving,
	title = {Improving Query Translation for CLIR using Statistical Models},
	booktitle = {24New Orleans},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {96-104},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/SIGIR2001_gao.ps},
	author = {J. Gao and Jian-Yun Nie and E. Xun and J. Zhang and M. Zhou and C. Huang}
}
@conference {and01:TREC_9,
	title = {TREC-9 CLIR Experiments at MSRCN},
	booktitle = {NIST Special Publication},
	year = {2001},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/trec-9.pdf},
	author = {J. Gao and Jian-Yun Nie and J. Zhang and M. Zhou and Y. Su}
}
@inbook {gagnon96pretexte,
	title = {Pr{\'e}texte: a Generator for the Expression of Temporal Information},
	booktitle = {Trends in Natural Language Generation, An Artificial Intelligence Perspective},
	series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence},
	number = {1036},
	year = {1996},
	note = {R{\'e}vision de la pr{\'e}sentation au Fourth European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, Pisa, 1993},
	pages = {238{\textendash}259},
	publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
	organization = {Springer-Verlag},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/GagnonPise.pdf},
	author = {Gagnon, M and Guy Lapalme},
	editor = {G. Adorni and M. Zock (eds)}
}
@article {Gagnon1996,
	title = {From Conceptual Time to Linguistic Time},
	journal = {Computational Linguistics},
	volume = {22},
	number = {1},
	year = {1996},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {91{\textendash}127},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/0GagnonCompLing.pdf},
	author = {Gagnon, M and Guy Lapalme}
}
@conference {giroux94reactalk,
	title = {Reactalk, du monde r{\'e}el {\`a} des syst{\`e}mes informatiques ouverts et adapatatifs},
	booktitle = {RFIA-94},
	year = {1994},
	month = {jan},
	address = {Paris, France},
	author = {S. Giroux and Senteni, A. and Guy Lapalme}
}
@mastersthesis {Gagnon1993,
	title = {Expression de la localisation temporelle dans un g{\'e}n{\'e}rateur de texte},
	year = {1993},
	school = {Universit{\'e} de Montr{\'e}al},
	type = {phd},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/PhD_Gagnon.pdf},
	author = {Michel Gagnon}
}
@inbook {G.Lapalme1993,
	title = {Pr{\'e}texte: a generator for the expression of temporal information},
	year = {1993},
	publisher = {G. Adorni et M. Zock editors, Trends in Natural Language Generation, An Artificial Intelligence Perspective, num{\'e}ro 1036 dans Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence},
	organization = {G. Adorni et M. Zock editors, Trends in Natural Language Generation, An Artificial Intelligence Perspective, num{\'e}ro 1036 dans Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence},
	chapter = {1036},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/0GagnonPise.pdf},
	author = {Gagnon, M and Guy Lapalme}
}
@conference {giroux93adaptation,
	title = {Adaptation in Open Systems},
	booktitle = {First International Conference on Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems (ICICIS)},
	year = {1993},
	pages = {114-123},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/GirouxAdaptationICICIS.pdf},
	author = {Giroux,A. and Senteni, A. and Guy Lapalme}
}
@article {giroux93problemes,
	title = {Les probl{\`e}mes d{\textquoteright}adaptation dans les syst{\`e}mes ouverts},
	journal = {Analyse de Syst{\`e}mes},
	volume = {19},
	number = {1{\textendash}2},
	year = {1993},
	month = {jun},
	pages = {121-144},
	author = {S. Giroux and Senteni, A. and Guy Lapalme}
}
@article {Gagnon1992,
	title = {Un g{\'e}n{\'e}rateur de texte exprimant des concepts temporels},
	journal = {{\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}Technique et Science Informatiques{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}},
	volume = {11},
	number = {2},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {25 {\textendash} 44},
	pdf = {http://rali.iro.umontreal.ca/rali/sites/default/files/publis/0GagnonTSI93.pdf},
	author = {Gagnon, M and Guy Lapalme}
}
@conference {gagnon91generation,
	title = {G{\'e}n{\'e}ration de texte: exemple de la production d{\textquoteright}un rapport},
	booktitle = {Colloque International ICO{\textquoteright}91},
	year = {1991},
	month = {may},
	pages = {215-221},
	address = {Montr{\'e}al},
	author = {Gagnon, M and Guy Lapalme}
}
@conference {gagnon91text,
	title = {A Text Generator for the Expression of Temporal Expressions},
	booktitle = {Third European Workshop on Natural Language Generation},
	year = {1991},
	month = {mar},
	pages = {81-88},
	address = {Innsbruck, Austria},
	author = {Gagnon, M and Guy Lapalme}
}
@book {Gal1991,
	title = {Prolog for Natural Language Processing},
	year = {1991},
	publisher = {Wiley},
	organization = {Wiley},
	author = {Gal, A. and Guy Lapalme and P. St-Dizier and Somers, H.}
}
@article {goupil89environnement,
	title = {Un environnement d{\textquoteright}exp{\'e}rimentation des analyseurs d{\'e}terministes},
	journal = {Technique et Science Informatiques},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {1989},
	month = {sep},
	pages = {361-376},
	author = {Goupil, D. and Guy Lapalme}
}
@book {gal88prolog,
	title = {Prolog pour l{\textquoteright}analyse automatique de la langue naturelle},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {168},
	publisher = {Eyrolles},
	organization = {Eyrolles},
	author = {Gal, A. and Guy Lapalme and P. St-Dizier}
}
@booklet {goupil84prolog,
	title = {{Prolog} comme aide {\`a} l{\textquoteright}analyse du fran{\c c}ais},
	number = {149},
	year = {1984},
	month = {may},
	publisher = {D{\'e}partement d{\textquoteright}informatique et de recherche op{\'e}rationnelle, Universit{\'e} de Montr{\'e}al},
	type = {Document de travail},
	author = {Goupil, D. and Lacouture, R. and Guy Lapalme and Masson, R. and Simard, L.}
}
